M Culinary Phoenix, a city reborn through its vibrant food scene, offers a captivating tapestry of flavors, traditions, and innovation. Phoenix has transformed from a desert outpost to a culinary destination, showcasing a diverse landscape of restaurants, chefs, and culinary experiences that tantalize the senses.
From the bustling streets of downtown to the charming neighborhoods of Old Town, Phoenix’s culinary journey unfolds through a mosaic of cuisines, each telling a story of cultural heritage and culinary evolution. The city’s culinary landscape is a testament to the power of food to connect communities, ignite creativity, and shape a city’s identity.
Culinary Scene in Phoenix
Phoenix’s culinary scene has undergone a remarkable transformation in recent decades, evolving from a desert outpost with limited dining options to a vibrant and diverse food destination. The city’s culinary landscape is a testament to its growing population, multicultural influences, and a burgeoning food culture.
Evolution of Phoenix’s Culinary Scene
Phoenix’s culinary history is marked by key milestones and influential figures. In the early days, the city’s food scene was primarily focused on Southwestern cuisine, with influences from Mexican and Native American traditions. The arrival of new immigrants from across the globe brought a wave of diverse culinary experiences, enriching the city’s dining landscape.
- The Rise of Southwestern Cuisine: The 1980s saw the emergence of Southwestern cuisine as a defining culinary style in Phoenix. Restaurants like the The Turquoise Room and Durant’s embraced regional ingredients and flavors, showcasing the unique culinary identity of the Southwest.
- The Influence of Chef Michael Mina: In the late 1990s, renowned chef Michael Mina arrived in Phoenix, bringing with him a sophisticated approach to fine dining. His restaurant, Michael Mina at the Arizona Biltmore, set a new standard for culinary excellence in the city.
- The Food Truck Revolution: The early 2010s witnessed the rise of the food truck movement, bringing innovative and affordable cuisine to the streets of Phoenix. This trend not only introduced new culinary concepts but also fostered a sense of community around food.
- The Farm-to-Table Movement: Phoenix’s culinary scene has embraced the farm-to-table movement, emphasizing the use of fresh, locally sourced ingredients. Restaurants like Joyride Taco House and The Gladly are committed to sustainable practices and showcasing the bounty of Arizona’s agricultural landscape.
Comparison with Other Major Cities
Phoenix’s culinary scene, while distinct, shares similarities and contrasts with other major cities in the United States.
- Similarities: Phoenix shares with other major cities a growing focus on farm-to-table dining, a vibrant food truck culture, and a diverse range of culinary experiences.
- Differences: Unlike coastal cities, Phoenix’s culinary scene is heavily influenced by its desert environment, with a focus on Southwestern cuisine and the use of regional ingredients.
Emerging Trends and Innovations
Phoenix’s culinary scene is constantly evolving, with new trends and innovations emerging regularly.
- Global Influences: Phoenix is becoming increasingly cosmopolitan, with a growing number of restaurants showcasing global cuisines.
- Sustainability: The focus on sustainability is driving innovation in Phoenix’s culinary scene, with restaurants using locally sourced ingredients, reducing food waste, and implementing eco-friendly practices.
- Experiential Dining: Restaurants are creating unique dining experiences, incorporating elements of entertainment, art, and technology.
Restaurants and Chefs Pushing Boundaries
Phoenix is home to a number of restaurants and chefs who are pushing boundaries and redefining the city’s culinary identity.
- Chef Charleen Badman: Known for her innovative approach to Southwestern cuisine, Chef Badman’s restaurant, FnB, has been recognized for its farm-to-table philosophy and creative use of local ingredients.
- Chef Matt Carter: Chef Carter’s restaurant, The Gladly, is a popular destination for its seasonal menu, focus on local sourcing, and commitment to sustainable practices.
- Chef Bernie Kantak: Chef Kantak’s restaurant, The Perch, is a culinary destination for its unique blend of Asian and American influences, creating a truly innovative dining experience.
Culinary Delights of Phoenix: M Culinary Phoenix
Phoenix’s culinary scene is a vibrant tapestry woven with diverse flavors and influences, reflecting the city’s rich history and multicultural population. From upscale restaurants serving innovative dishes to casual eateries offering traditional favorites, Phoenix caters to every palate and budget.
Must-Try Dishes and Restaurants
Phoenix offers a delectable array of culinary experiences, with each neighborhood boasting its own unique character and culinary gems. Here’s a curated list of must-try dishes and restaurants categorized by cuisine type:
Mexican Cuisine
Phoenix’s Mexican cuisine is a testament to its deep-rooted connection to the Southwest.
- Carnitas: Slow-cooked, tender pork, typically served with tortillas, onions, cilantro, and salsa. Try Carnitas Uruapan for authentic carnitas prepared in a traditional wood-fired oven.
- Tacos al Pastor: Marinated pork cooked on a vertical spit, then shaved and served on tortillas with pineapple, cilantro, and onions. Tacos Chiwas is a popular spot for flavorful tacos al pastor.
- Menudo: A hearty, traditional Mexican soup made with tripe, hominy, and chili peppers. El Milagro is known for its rich and flavorful menudo.
Asian Cuisine
Phoenix’s Asian cuisine scene is equally diverse, with a wide range of flavors and cooking styles.
- Sushi: Fresh, expertly crafted sushi rolls and nigiri. Sushi Roku is a popular upscale sushi restaurant known for its innovative and beautifully presented dishes.
- Thai Curry: Aromatic and flavorful curries, often served with rice or noodles. Thai House is a favorite for its authentic Thai curries and friendly atmosphere.
- Ramen: Rich, flavorful broths with noodles, meat, and vegetables. Ramen Ichiran is a popular ramen chain known for its customizable bowls of ramen.
American Cuisine
Phoenix boasts a thriving American cuisine scene, with a focus on fresh, locally sourced ingredients.
- Burgers: Juicy, flavorful burgers with a variety of toppings. The Gladly is a popular spot for gourmet burgers with unique flavor combinations.
- Pizza: From classic New York-style to artisanal wood-fired pizzas, Phoenix has something for every pizza lover. Pizzeria Bianco is a renowned pizzeria known for its perfectly charred crust and flavorful toppings.
- BBQ: Slow-smoked meats, ribs, and brisket, often served with sides like coleslaw and mac and cheese. True Food Kitchen is a popular spot for healthy and flavorful BBQ dishes.
Culinary Events and Festivals
Phoenix is a city that thrives on its diverse culinary scene, and this is reflected in the numerous food festivals and events held throughout the year. These gatherings bring together food enthusiasts, chefs, and local businesses, creating a vibrant atmosphere that celebrates the city’s culinary heritage and showcases the latest food trends.
A Calendar of Culinary Events
These events offer a unique opportunity to experience the best of Phoenix’s culinary world, from street food to fine dining, and everything in between.
- The Arizona Restaurant Association’s (ARA) Annual Taste of the Valley: This signature event, held every spring, features over 100 restaurants showcasing their signature dishes and beverages. The event also includes live music and entertainment, making it a popular choice for food lovers and locals alike.
- Phoenix Restaurant Week: Held twice a year, Phoenix Restaurant Week offers fixed-price menus at participating restaurants, providing an affordable way to sample a variety of cuisines. It’s a chance to explore new culinary experiences and discover hidden gems within the city’s dining scene.
- The Phoenix Food & Wine Festival: This annual event attracts renowned chefs, winemakers, and culinary experts, offering tasting sessions, cooking demonstrations, and seminars. The festival highlights the best of Arizona’s agricultural bounty, showcasing local wines, craft beers, and regional ingredients.
- The Scottsdale Culinary Festival: This event, held in the heart of Scottsdale, features live cooking demonstrations, wine tastings, and a vibrant marketplace showcasing local artisans and food vendors. It’s a celebration of the region’s culinary heritage and a showcase for emerging talent in the food and beverage industry.
Impact of Culinary Events
These events have a significant impact on the city’s economy, attracting tourists and boosting local businesses. They also play a crucial role in fostering a sense of community and promoting culinary innovation.
- Economic Boost: Culinary events generate significant revenue for local businesses, including restaurants, hotels, and retailers. They also create jobs and contribute to the overall economic growth of the city.
- Community Building: Food festivals and events provide a platform for people to come together, share their love for food, and celebrate the city’s diverse culinary scene. They create a sense of community and foster a shared passion for food and dining.
- Culinary Innovation: These events often showcase the latest trends in the food and beverage industry, inspiring chefs and restaurateurs to experiment with new ingredients, techniques, and flavors. They also provide a platform for emerging culinary talent to gain recognition and exposure.
Culinary Education and Training
Phoenix is a city brimming with culinary talent, and its vibrant food scene is nurtured by a robust network of educational institutions and training programs. From renowned culinary schools to hands-on apprenticeships, Phoenix offers a diverse range of opportunities for aspiring chefs and food enthusiasts to hone their skills and contribute to the city’s culinary landscape.
Culinary Schools
Phoenix boasts a number of culinary schools that provide comprehensive training in the art of cooking and baking. These schools offer diploma and degree programs, equipping students with the knowledge, techniques, and skills needed to succeed in the culinary industry.
- Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts: Located in Scottsdale, Le Cordon Bleu is a globally recognized culinary school with a long history of excellence. The school offers a variety of programs, including associate’s and bachelor’s degrees in culinary arts, pastry arts, and hospitality management. Le Cordon Bleu’s curriculum emphasizes classic French techniques and provides students with hands-on training in state-of-the-art kitchens.
- Scottsdale Culinary Institute: This institute offers a range of programs, including associate’s degrees in culinary arts and baking and pastry arts. The institute’s curriculum focuses on practical skills and provides students with real-world experience through internships and externships. Scottsdale Culinary Institute is known for its strong industry connections and its commitment to providing graduates with the skills they need to succeed in the competitive culinary world.
- Arizona Culinary Institute: Located in Tempe, the Arizona Culinary Institute offers a variety of programs, including associate’s degrees in culinary arts and baking and pastry arts. The institute’s curriculum emphasizes hands-on training and provides students with the opportunity to work in its on-site restaurant, The Copper Kettle. The institute also offers a variety of continuing education courses for those who want to enhance their culinary skills.
Apprenticeships
Apprenticeships offer a valuable alternative to traditional culinary education. They provide aspiring chefs with the opportunity to learn from experienced professionals in a real-world setting.
- The Phoenician: This luxury resort offers an apprenticeship program that provides aspiring chefs with the opportunity to work alongside renowned chefs in its award-winning restaurants. The program covers a wide range of culinary techniques and skills, and apprentices gain valuable experience in all aspects of kitchen operations.
- The Four Seasons Resort Scottsdale at Troon North: This resort offers a similar apprenticeship program that provides aspiring chefs with the opportunity to work in its various dining venues. The program focuses on developing culinary skills and providing apprentices with the knowledge and experience needed to succeed in the hospitality industry.
- Local Restaurants: Many local restaurants in Phoenix offer apprenticeship programs that provide aspiring chefs with the opportunity to learn from experienced professionals. These programs typically involve working alongside experienced chefs, learning culinary techniques, and gaining experience in all aspects of kitchen operations.
Workshops and Courses
For those who want to enhance their culinary skills without committing to a full-fledged program, Phoenix offers a wide range of workshops and courses. These programs cover a variety of culinary topics, from basic cooking techniques to advanced pastry making.
- Sur La Table: This national retailer offers a variety of cooking classes and workshops in its Phoenix location. Classes cover a wide range of culinary topics, from basic knife skills to advanced baking techniques. Sur La Table’s classes are taught by experienced chefs and provide students with the opportunity to learn new skills and techniques in a fun and interactive setting.
- Williams-Sonoma: Similar to Sur La Table, Williams-Sonoma offers a variety of cooking classes and workshops in its Phoenix location. The classes cover a wide range of culinary topics, from basic cooking techniques to advanced pastry making. Williams-Sonoma’s classes are taught by experienced chefs and provide students with the opportunity to learn new skills and techniques in a fun and interactive setting.
- Local Community Colleges: Many community colleges in Phoenix offer culinary arts courses and workshops that provide students with the opportunity to learn new skills and techniques. These courses are often taught by experienced chefs and provide students with the opportunity to learn in a more affordable and accessible setting.
Impact on Phoenix’s Culinary Scene, M culinary phoenix
The culinary education and training opportunities available in Phoenix have a significant impact on the city’s culinary scene. These programs foster culinary talent, contribute to the growth and development of the city’s food scene, and help to ensure that Phoenix continues to be a destination for food lovers.
- Growth of Culinary Talent: Culinary schools, apprenticeships, and workshops provide aspiring chefs with the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in the industry. This growth in culinary talent contributes to the diversity and quality of Phoenix’s food scene.
- Development of New Restaurants and Concepts: Graduates of culinary schools and apprenticeships often go on to open their own restaurants or develop new culinary concepts. This helps to keep Phoenix’s food scene fresh and exciting.
- Innovation in Culinary Techniques: Culinary education and training programs encourage innovation and creativity in the kitchen. This helps to keep Phoenix’s food scene at the forefront of culinary trends.
Comparison of Culinary Education and Training Options
| Option | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|
| Culinary Schools | Comprehensive training, industry-recognized credentials, networking opportunities | High cost, time commitment |
| Apprenticeships | Hands-on experience, mentorship from experienced chefs, real-world application of skills | Limited formal education, potential for long hours and low pay |
| Workshops and Courses | Flexible scheduling, affordable options, opportunity to learn new skills | Limited scope of training, may not lead to a career in the culinary industry |
Culinary Sustainability and Innovation
Phoenix’s culinary scene is not only renowned for its diverse flavors but also for its growing commitment to sustainability and ethical sourcing. Chefs and restaurateurs are increasingly embracing practices that minimize environmental impact while promoting responsible food systems.
Efforts towards Sustainability and Ethical Sourcing
Phoenix’s culinary community is actively engaging in sustainable practices. Restaurants are prioritizing local and seasonal ingredients, reducing food waste, and supporting ethical sourcing. Many establishments have partnered with local farmers and ranchers to ensure the freshness and quality of their produce, meats, and dairy products. This approach not only supports local economies but also reduces the carbon footprint associated with long-distance transportation.
Examples of Restaurants and Chefs Committed to Local and Seasonal Ingredients
- The Gladly: This popular restaurant in Phoenix is known for its commitment to sourcing ingredients from local farms and ranches. Their menu changes seasonally to reflect the freshest available produce, and they work closely with farmers to ensure sustainable practices.
- The Farm at South Mountain: This restaurant offers a farm-to-table dining experience, with a menu that changes daily based on the availability of fresh ingredients from their on-site garden. Their commitment to sustainability extends beyond their food, with an emphasis on reducing waste and using eco-friendly practices.
- Matt’s Big Breakfast: This popular breakfast spot is known for its commitment to using locally sourced ingredients, including eggs from pasture-raised chickens and produce from local farms. They also support sustainable practices by composting food waste and reducing their overall environmental impact.
Innovative Culinary Practices and Technologies
Phoenix’s culinary scene is embracing innovative practices and technologies to reduce waste and promote sustainability. Restaurants are implementing composting programs, using reusable containers, and adopting zero-waste initiatives. Some chefs are exploring new techniques like fermentation and pickling to extend the shelf life of ingredients and reduce waste. Additionally, restaurants are increasingly using technology to track food waste, optimize inventory, and improve efficiency.
Examples of Sustainable and Innovative Culinary Initiatives in Phoenix
| Initiative | Description |
|---|---|
| Composting Programs | Many restaurants in Phoenix have implemented composting programs to divert food waste from landfills. This helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create valuable compost for gardens. |
| Reusable Containers | Restaurants are increasingly using reusable containers for takeout and delivery orders, reducing the reliance on single-use plastics. |
| Zero-Waste Initiatives | Some restaurants are striving for zero-waste operations, aiming to eliminate all waste from their operations. This involves meticulous planning, innovative waste management strategies, and a commitment to minimizing environmental impact. |
| Fermentation and Pickling | Chefs are using fermentation and pickling techniques to extend the shelf life of ingredients, reduce food waste, and create unique flavors. |
| Technology for Food Waste Reduction | Restaurants are utilizing technology to track food waste, optimize inventory, and improve efficiency. This data-driven approach helps reduce waste and improve sustainability. |
Culinary Influences and Diversity
Phoenix’s culinary landscape is a vibrant tapestry woven from the threads of diverse cultures and traditions. The city’s rich history of immigration and cultural exchange has created a melting pot of flavors and cuisines that tantalize the taste buds and reflect the city’s cosmopolitan character.
Culinary Heritage and Traditions
Phoenix’s culinary heritage is a testament to the city’s multicultural makeup. From the vibrant flavors of Mexico and Central America to the aromatic spices of India and the Middle East, Phoenix offers a wide array of culinary experiences that celebrate the rich tapestry of its immigrant communities.
- Mexican Cuisine: Phoenix boasts a thriving Mexican food scene, with numerous restaurants serving authentic dishes like tacos, enchiladas, and mole. The city’s large Hispanic population has ensured the preservation of traditional Mexican recipes and cooking techniques.
- Asian Cuisine: Phoenix is home to a diverse Asian population, with restaurants representing cuisines from China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Thailand. The city’s Asian food scene offers a wide range of options, from classic dim sum to innovative fusion dishes.
- Middle Eastern Cuisine: The Middle East’s influence on Phoenix’s culinary landscape is evident in the city’s growing number of restaurants serving traditional dishes like hummus, falafel, and shawarma. These restaurants offer a taste of the Middle East’s rich culinary heritage, showcasing the region’s unique flavors and spices.
Restaurants and Chefs Celebrating Culinary Heritage
Many restaurants and chefs in Phoenix are dedicated to preserving and celebrating their culinary heritage. These establishments offer a glimpse into the traditions and flavors that have shaped their cultures.
- Los Dos Molinos: This iconic Phoenix restaurant serves authentic Mexican cuisine, using traditional recipes passed down through generations. Their menu features classic dishes like mole poblano and chiles rellenos, prepared with fresh ingredients and meticulous attention to detail.
- The Gladly: This restaurant, helmed by Chef Michael Yousef, showcases the flavors of the Middle East. Yousef’s dishes are inspired by his Palestinian heritage, featuring fresh ingredients and bold spices. The Gladly’s menu offers a unique culinary experience, transporting diners to the vibrant streets of the Middle East.
- The Woks: This restaurant serves a variety of Asian cuisines, including Chinese, Thai, and Vietnamese. The Woks’ menu is a celebration of the diverse flavors and culinary traditions of Asia, offering dishes that are both authentic and innovative.
Immigration and Cultural Exchange
Immigration has played a pivotal role in shaping Phoenix’s culinary landscape. The city’s diverse population has brought with it a wealth of culinary traditions, flavors, and techniques. This cultural exchange has led to the creation of new dishes and culinary trends, enriching the city’s food scene.
- Fusion Cuisine: The fusion of different culinary traditions has given rise to innovative dishes that combine elements of various cuisines. Phoenix restaurants have embraced fusion cuisine, creating unique and exciting culinary experiences.
- Street Food: Phoenix’s street food scene is a vibrant reflection of the city’s multicultural makeup. From Mexican food trucks serving tacos and burritos to Asian food stalls offering dumplings and noodles, Phoenix’s street food scene offers a diverse range of culinary experiences.
Diverse Culinary Traditions
Phoenix’s food scene is a vibrant tapestry of diverse culinary traditions, each with its unique flavors and ingredients. Here is a table showcasing some of the prominent culinary traditions represented in the city’s food scene:
| Culinary Tradition | Key Ingredients | Popular Dishes |
|---|---|---|
| Mexican | Corn, beans, chili peppers, cilantro, lime, onions | Tacos, enchiladas, burritos, mole poblano, chiles rellenos |
| Asian | Soy sauce, ginger, garlic, rice, noodles, vegetables | Dim sum, sushi, ramen, pad thai, pho |
| Middle Eastern | Hummus, tahini, olive oil, spices like cumin, turmeric, and cinnamon | Hummus, falafel, shawarma, baba ghanoush |
| Italian | Tomatoes, garlic, olive oil, basil, oregano | Pizza, pasta, lasagna, risotto |
| American | Beef, chicken, potatoes, corn, tomatoes | Burgers, fries, BBQ ribs, chicken wings |
Culinary Future of Phoenix
Phoenix’s culinary scene is evolving rapidly, driven by a confluence of factors including population growth, changing demographics, and a growing appreciation for diverse cuisines. The city’s culinary future holds immense promise, with exciting opportunities for innovation and expansion.
Emerging Trends and Challenges
Phoenix’s culinary landscape is characterized by several emerging trends and challenges that will shape its future. These include:
- Increased demand for healthy and sustainable dining options: As health consciousness rises, diners are seeking restaurants that offer fresh, locally sourced ingredients and sustainable practices.
- Growing popularity of plant-based and vegan cuisine: The demand for plant-based options is steadily increasing, prompting restaurants to expand their menus to include vegan and vegetarian dishes.
- Focus on culinary experiences: Diners are seeking more than just a meal; they want an immersive experience, which has led to the rise of themed restaurants, pop-up events, and culinary tours.
- Emphasis on technology and innovation: Restaurants are increasingly incorporating technology into their operations, from online ordering and reservations to automated kitchen systems and delivery services.
- Rise of ghost kitchens: These virtual restaurants operate without a physical storefront, relying solely on delivery platforms. This model allows for increased efficiency and reduced overhead costs, but it also raises concerns about the future of traditional dining.
Potential Growth Areas and Opportunities
The future of Phoenix’s culinary industry is bright, with several potential growth areas and opportunities:
- Expansion of ethnic cuisines: Phoenix’s diverse population is driving demand for authentic ethnic cuisines from around the world, creating opportunities for new restaurants and culinary experiences.
- Development of culinary tourism: Phoenix’s unique food scene and diverse cultural offerings are attracting tourists, creating opportunities for culinary tours, food festivals, and other tourism-related experiences.
- Focus on local sourcing and sustainability: The city’s growing focus on sustainability is driving demand for restaurants that source ingredients locally and implement eco-friendly practices.
- Innovation in food technology: The use of technology in the culinary industry is expected to continue to grow, creating opportunities for innovation in areas such as food delivery, online ordering, and kitchen automation.
Role of Technology and Innovation
Technology is playing an increasingly important role in shaping the future of Phoenix’s food scene. Here are some key ways technology is influencing the culinary landscape:
- Online Ordering and Delivery Platforms: Services like Uber Eats, DoorDash, and Grubhub have revolutionized food delivery, making it easier for diners to order food from their favorite restaurants. This has also led to the rise of ghost kitchens, which operate solely through delivery platforms.
- Restaurant Management Systems: Technology is streamlining restaurant operations with tools for managing reservations, inventory, and staff scheduling. These systems help restaurants improve efficiency and customer service.
- Food Safety and Traceability: Blockchain technology is being used to track food from farm to table, ensuring transparency and safety throughout the supply chain. This helps restaurants build trust with consumers and maintain high standards.
- Personalized Dining Experiences: Technology allows restaurants to collect data on customer preferences and dietary restrictions, enabling them to create personalized dining experiences. This can include tailored menus, customized recommendations, and targeted promotions.
Key Factors Influencing the Future of Phoenix’s Culinary Landscape
The following table Artikels key factors that will influence the future of Phoenix’s culinary landscape:
| Factor | Impact |
|---|---|
| Population Growth | Increased demand for restaurants and culinary experiences |
| Changing Demographics | Growth in demand for diverse cuisines and dining options |
| Economic Growth | Increased disposable income and spending on dining experiences |
| Technology and Innovation | Transformation of restaurant operations and dining experiences |
| Sustainability and Environmental Concerns | Focus on local sourcing, sustainable practices, and eco-friendly dining |
| Consumer Preferences | Demand for healthy, diverse, and innovative dining options |
Ultimate Conclusion
As Phoenix continues to evolve, its culinary scene is poised to reach even greater heights. The city’s commitment to sustainability, innovation, and cultural diversity ensures that its food scene will remain a vibrant and ever-evolving tapestry of flavors, a testament to the city’s unique spirit and culinary ambition.
FAQ Section
What are some must-try dishes in Phoenix?
Phoenix offers a diverse range of culinary delights. Some must-try dishes include Sonoran hot dogs, prickly pear margaritas, southwestern-inspired tacos, and fresh, locally sourced salads.
What are some of the most popular culinary events in Phoenix?
Phoenix hosts numerous culinary events, including the Arizona Restaurant Association’s “Taste of the Valley,” the Scottsdale Culinary Festival, and the Phoenix Restaurant Week. These events showcase the city’s best chefs and restaurants, offering a vibrant culinary experience.
What are the best culinary schools in Phoenix?
Phoenix is home to several culinary schools, including the Scottsdale Culinary Institute, Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts, and the Art Institute of Phoenix, offering a range of programs to nurture culinary talent.